Fixing Racial Discrimination/ Reintegration

Reintegration

There is a chance that the worst case scenario may occur to any American who strays outside the law - the worst case scenario of course being incarceration.  While this isn't exactly a likely scenario, the possibility still stands that every citizen of this nature may be forced to serve time.  However, the struggle for an inmate is just beginning once their term has concluded.  

Everyone is familiar with a scene from "the Shawshank Redemption" in which a long-incarcerated prisoner decides to end his life rather than face a world he is unfamiliar with.  While this scene may have been sensationalized a bit to make a point in the film is exists withing, the real life situation may be very similar.  

Collecting information on ex-cons is extremely difficult, as those who were once inmates are usually reluctant to share information or respond to institutionalized contact.  Outside relationships tend to be strained by time spent in prison, and many inmates leave prison with little to no family or personal connections with which to rebuild their lives upon.  This means a large amount of former inmates end up couch surfing and a general inability to form any amount of stability in their lives.  

In addition to a lack of support, many inmates face adversity through the underlying issues which may have pushed them to commit the crimes they committed.  Many inmates must deal with a return to substances such as drugs and/or alcohol being readily available.  Inmates with psychiatric ailments must also find a way to work through their struggles.  It is estimated by the nonprofit Human Rights Watch that 56 percent of inmates are mentally ill.

A final, and some may say the greatest challenge for inmates in their reintegration to society is finding stable employment.  Many employers are reluctant to take a chance on an ex-con participating reliably in the workplace based on whatever offense they may have committed.  Studies have shown that there is little difference between a range of offenses and severities of these offenses to prospective employers.

In conclusion, the situation of being incarcerated carries with it a lifetime of difficulties for those involved.  The trouble doesn't end when the inmate breaks free of their walls of captivity.  The challenges for these individuals are only beginning.

http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/03/the-prison-problem













Fixing Racial Discrimination

The American Prison System can be criticized for many different reasons. Although

many may seem pressing, none has a greater need for change than the large amount of

stratification among white inmates and inmates of color. While many have noted that this

discrepancy exists, what is important is the way in which society is working toward a solution to

this problem.

American prisons are said to be terrifying places.  They do little to rehabilitate inmates and act more as places which create career criminals.
 
Mass incarceration has resulted in 1.3 african american and hispanic males being sentenced to long-term prison terms.  This disparity is a troubling statistic which reflects a problem with the institutions involved due to population percentages.

The solutions to such disparities are believed to be systemic.  The way in which criminals are brought to trial and processed must be repaired, not the communities themselves.  Popular solutions include but are not limited to outlawing racial profiling practices by police forces, increasing civilian oversight of police practices and making communities more involved in approving police actions,  decreasing punishment for non-violent drug offenses and rethinking and restructuring mandatory sentencing systems.

In addition to these solutions ensuring fair and equal sentencing among socioeconomic and cultural groups as well as the passing of justice reforms to minimize existing gaps between racial equality in the United States justice system.

All of these reforms and more may be the path toward ensuring equality and creating a more balanced and just system for citizens of all socioeconomic and racial groups in the United States.  These reforms are a path toward progress and may be able to usher in an age of equality in American courts.

http://www.talkleft.com/story/2013/7/17/201753/652/crimepolicy/Eliminating-Racial-Disparity-in-the-Criminal-Justice-System
 

Does the Criminal Justice System Discriminate?

Does the criminal justice system discriminate based on race?

           The struggle is real in America for many of the minority population. This rings true especially in the American justice system. Discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and-groups because of prejudice. Race refers to the physical characteristics of individuals that make them different from other individuals (e.g., African-Americans, Caucasians, Asians, etc.).

            The criminal justice system includes law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. When an individual commits a crime, the police make an arrest, the defendant stands trial in court and, if convicted, the judge sentences the defendant to prison (corrections) where he or she is required to serve the sentence.

           Although racial discrimination is viewed as morally wrong, several studies on racial disparity in the criminal justice system conclude that African-Americans are affected by such discrimination. In fact, while African-Americans comprise 12% of the population in the United States, more than 50% of them are currently incarcerated in United States prisons.

Racial disparity is also linked to racial policies and politics. Policies that contributed to the increase in racial disparity in the criminal justice system include the war on drugs started by the Bush and Reagan administrations in the 1980s, which sought to enforce stricter punishments in an effort to fight drug-related street crime.

         The direct fallout from the war on drugs was the incarceration rate of African-Americans increasing abruptly. Drug-related arrests of African-Americans increased from 20% in the 1970s to 42% in the 1980s. Drug-related arrest rates of Caucasians, on the other hand, increased by 27%. Inner-city and socially disorganized communities are the ideal target for drug-related arrests as opposed to middle-class non-black neighborhoods. The resulting sentences at the federal level tend to be longer for African-Americans (40%) compared to that of Whites. Racial disparity is also evident in bail decisions. Criminal justice actors are more likely to grant bail to middle-class defendants rather than to poor, minority defendants.

            Racial discrimination has also affected juvenile offenders. According to Scott &Steinberg (2011), a study on racial attitudes and the confinement of minority youths revealed that probation officers hold stereotypes. In fact, they are more likely to attribute different factors,depending on the race of the offender. For example, probation officers tend to blame internal factors, such as poor character and attitude for the criminal behavior of African-Americans. By contrast, they tend to attribute the criminal behavior of Caucasian youth offenders to external factors, such as the social environment.

            In another study on racial discrimination and law enforcement concluded that police and probation officers often perceive African-American youth as dangerous. As a result, police and probation officers believe that African-Americans should receive harsher punishment as opposed to Caucasian youth offenders. It should also be noted that discrimination against African-Americans and other minorities also apply to police officers recruits. Only 5% of law enforcement officers were minorities in the late 1960s.

            Following the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in the 1970s, however, these rates increased: in 2002, 27% of police officers were minorities. The racial animus and the dislike for minorities have often paved the way for tough crime control policies. Discrimination based on one’s race violates the principle of equality. Racially based discrimination, however, is evident in the criminal justice system. African-Americans(adult and youth) are more likely to be arrested and sentenced to longer prison sentences than Caucasian offenders.

Works Cited

1. Scott, E., & Steinberg, L. (2008) .Rethinking juvenile justice. Harvard University Press.
2. "Addressing Racial Disparities in Incareration." Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/Prison%20Journal%20-%20racial%20disparity.pdf>

While discrepancies exist in prisons, the reason for these differences remains of greater importance. There is very little concrete information on the cause of minorities receiving the brunt of convictions from the United States justice system, however there are many theories. These theories range from borderline paranoia to plausible causes, yet all are likely to hold some link to the truth. An analysis of these theories and beliefs of the community will reveal a cause for the lack of justice in the US justice system.

One belief for the disparity between whites and minorities in felony convictions is the availability of money. This is one of the simplest ways to explain the differences and spares an intelligent investigator stories of crooked or racist judges, or the “system” being rigged to keep groups of people in prison. The issue comes down to the less privileged not being able to afford to pay for legal council or required fines.

Another theory is environment. Those who grow up in an environment where crime is prevalent are more likely to view criminal activity as an opportunity to make more money. They are also more likely to view these enterprises as acceptable or “part of life.”

I feel that these are the more likely and educated theories available. Both, when properly evaluated, seem plausible and more than like each contribute to the current legal situation in some way. The unfortunate situation of the underprivileged makes it increasingly difficult to escape a lifestyle which may lie under the line which most consider comfortable or appropriate.

http://criminaljustice.ncbar.org/newsletters/criminaljusticefeb11/racialdisparities